![]() ![]() ![]() Through the course of evolution, nature has developed a variety of structural and functional principles that have potential for solving problems in various fields of engineering. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. The financial support of the DFG is gratefully acknowledged. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.įunding: This work has been performed within the project “Impact resistant hierarchically structured materials based on fruit walls and nutshells” funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) within SPP 1420. Received: Accepted: JPublished: August 7, 2014Ĭopyright: © 2014 Schüler et al. Buehler, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States of America Such information will help us develop engineering materials and lightweight-structures with improved fracture and puncture resistance.Ĭitation: Schüler P, Speck T, Bührig-Polaczek A, Fleck C (2014) Structure-Function Relationships in Macadamia integrifolia Seed Coats – Fundamentals of the Hierarchical Microstructure. This is essential for revealing the underlying structure-function-relationships. From an engineering viewpoint, microstructure characterization is important for identifying features that contribute to the high strength and cracking resistance of these objects. ![]() From a biological viewpoint, understanding the hierarchical structure may elucidate why it is advantageous for these seed coats to be so difficult to break. We differentiate nine hierarchical levels that characterize the structure ranging from the whole fruit on the macroscopic scale down to the molecular scale. We performed an extensive materials science characterization of the complex hierarchical structure of these coats, using light and scanning electron microscopy in 2D as well as microCT for 3D characterization. This is particularly the case with Macadamia seed coats, known to exhibit astoundingly high strength and toughness. Johnson, Mirmiran and Thompson, Inc.The shells/coats of nuts and seeds are often very hard to crack. To sort the table by a particular column, click on one of the headings at the top of the table. Additions and corrections are welcome please contact Dallan Guzinski at. Companies marked with an asterisk are are confirmed as 100% employee-owned, but others may also be but did not respond to our request for information on that issue. Data is collected from direct correspondence with companies, corporate websites, or, if these are not available, the most recent public data available. In 2022, the top 100 employee-owned companies employ more than 645,000 people. Employment includes all full- and part-time employees in the U.S. To be on the list, companies must be at least 50% owned by an ESOP or other qualified plan or by one or more other kinds of plans in which at least 50% of full-time employees are eligible to participate. The NCEO's 2022 Employee Ownership 100 list includes the nation's largest companies that are at least 50% owned by an employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) or other broad-based employee ownership plan. ![]()
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